THE ALCOHOLIC DRINKS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS | Tha Engliscan Gesithas
Ale,Beer,Mead,Wine,Cider.
Photo: http://www.steveonsteins.com/in-the-near-future-2
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Gregorian mission
The Gregorian mission, sometimes known as the Augustinian mission,was the mission sent by PopeGregory the Great to the Anglo-Saxons in 596 AD. Headed by Augustine of Canterbury, its goal was to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. By the death of the last missionary in 653, they had established Christianity in southern Britain. Along with Irish and Frankish missionaries, they converted Britain and influenced the Hiberno-Scottish missions to the Continent.
By the time the Roman Empire recalled its legions from the province of Britannia in 410, parts of the island had already been settled by pagan Germanic tribes who, later in the century, appear to have taken control of Kent and other coastal regions. In the late 6th century Pope Gregory sent a group of missionaries to Kent, to convertÆthelberht, King of Kent, whose wife, Bertha of Kent, was a Frankish princess and practising Christian. Augustine was the prior of Gregory’s own monastery in Rome and Gregory prepared the way for the mission by soliciting aid from the Frankish rulers along Augustine’s route.
In 597 the forty missionaries arrived in Kent and were permitted by Æthelberht to preach freely in his capital ofCanterbury. Soon the missionaries wrote to Gregory telling him of their success and that conversions were taking place. The exact date of Æthelberht’s conversion is unknown but it occurred before 601. A second group of monks and clergy was dispatched in 601 bearing books and other items for the new foundation. Gregory intended Augustine to be the metropolitan archbishop of the southern part of the British Isles, and gave him authority over the British clergy but in a series of meetings with Augustine the local bishops refused to acknowledge this.
Portrait labelled “AUGUSTINUS” from the mid-8th century Saint Petersburg Bede, though perhaps intended as Gregory the Great.
Before Æthelberht’s death in 616 a number of other bishoprics had been established but after that date, a pagan backlash set in and the see, or bishopric, of London was abandoned. Æthelberht’s daughter, Æthelburg, marriedEdwin, the king of the Northumbrians, and by 627 Paulinus, the bishop who accompanied her north, had converted Edwin and a number of other Northumbrians. When Edwin died, in about 633, his widow and Paulinus were forced to flee to Kent. Although the missionaries could not remain in all of the places they had evangelised, by the time the last of them died in 653, they had established Christianity in Kent and the surrounding countryside and contributed a Roman tradition to the practice of Christianity in Britain.
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Angles,Saxons and Jutes in Britain around 600 CE
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Anglo-Saxon Clothes
As an answer to a question. More info can probably be found at some of the more Anglo-Saxon oriented sites linked to in the archive and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress (as a good start). The Anglo-Saxon clothes seems related, though not identical, to Norse clothing. However some things , like the tunic, the cloak and tight trousers (for men) seems to have been common in many medieval cultures.
My apologies to the ones of Anglo-Saxon and other Heathen traditions.
It would seem (me being Swedish) that i have been a bit Ethnocentric in my ways of portraying things. Sometimes i´m so focused on my own folklore/culture that i forget that there are many rich traditions of Heathenry and culture out there.
If this is not enough or if there are more specific questions i will consult the a friend of mine who is an Anglo-Saxon Heathen and hit the (more academic) books.
Anglo_Saxon scolars, feel free to correct me.
http://whotalking.com/flickr/Anglo-Saxon
Materials
Anglo-Saxon clothing usually utilized only three types of fabric. Wool was a coarse material which was used for most garments. Lower-class people, such as slaves (theow) and poorer peasants (gebur) could only use wool for their garments, even garments worn against the skin. Linen, harvested from the flax plant, was a finer material which was used for garments that were worn close to the skin by better-off peasants (kotsetlas and geneatas) and those above them in the social hierarchy. Silk was an extremely expensive material, and it was used only by the very rich, and then only for trim and decoration.
King Edgar I from the New Minster Charter, 966
The primary garment consisted of a knee-length woollen tunic. For the poorer theow, this would be the only clothing worn, although some may have been given woolen trousers and shoes to wear. Gebur would be able to afford woolen trousers and leather shoes, and would also carry a knife (called a seax), which signified their freedom in the eyes of medieval Anglo-Saxon society. A linen undertunic (worn under the outer woollen tunic) and linen braies (reaching to the ankle or knee) would be worn by richer peasants and nobility, along with woolen hose which would be held up by garters or decorative embroidery around the top.
Fifth and sixth centuries
Men of the northern tribes of 5th and 6th century England dressed alike regardless of social rank. The fashions during this time consisted of the cloak, tunic, trousers, leggings, and accessories. The short, fur-lined cloak was designed so that the skin of the animal faced outward and the fur brushed against the undergarments. However, woolen cloaks have also been found. The garment opened either at the front or at the right shoulder. A single brooch, usually circular in shape, fastened the square or rectangular cloak. Other means of fastening the cloth together included tying, lacing, or using a clasp, often made of natural materials such as thorn, bones, wood, or horns. The less prosperous wore woolen cloaks.
Seventh to tenth centuries
Clothing of the seventh through the 9th centuries was similar to that of previous centuries and again all classes generally wore the same clothing, although distinctions among the social hierarchy began to become more noticeable through ornamented garments. These common pieces consisted of tunics, cloaks, jackets, pants, and shoes. As in the 5th and 6th centuries, a linen shirt acted as an undergarment. Men generally wore a knee-length linen or woolen tunic, depending on the season, over their shirts. The sleeves of the tunic were long and close fitting and excess material was pushed up the arm from the elbow to the wrist so that “rolls” were formed in the material.
A cloak, worn over the tunic, fastened on either the breast or a shoulder with the assistance of a brooch. Once in place, the brooch was left attached to the garment so that the cloak was slipped over the head. The cloak, knee-length and rectangular in shape, was fastened so that it appeared to be pleated or folded. Hoods and collars began to appear in the 9th century, and around the same time, the cloak began to be curbed by the same belt that was worn over the tunic.
Reconstruction of female clothes 5:th - 7:th century by: http://thespidersweb.webs.com/anglo.html (Recommend a look see).
Women’s clothing
The main garment for a woman was a woolen gown of ankle length. Occasionally two gowns were worn, with the inner gown having longer and tighter sleeves, and the outer gown having shorter and looser sleeves. Under this might be worn a linen underdress. A mantle might be worn over the outer dress, along with a cloak. Like men, free women would also carry a seax as a sign of their freedom. After the introduction of Christianity, all women (except for very young girls and occasionally slaves) would wear some kind of headcovering, usually a draped couvrechef called a headrail, the ancestor of the later wimple.
7th Century Angle nobleman.
The tunic is a simple one-piece T-pattern, with brocade trim on the hem, neckline and cuffs, fastened at the neck and wrists with glass buttons.
The Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon dress,New Minster Charter, 966
http://www.tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk/education/anglo-saxon-clothes-women (HIGHLY recommended).
5th to 7th centuries
Women wore an under-dress of linen or wool with long sleeves and a draw-string neck. Sleeves were fastened with clasps for wealthier women, or drawn together with braid or string for poorer women.
The outer dress was a tube of material, rather like a pinafore, and often called a ‘peplos’. A pair of shoulder-brooches or clasps held this onto the under-dress. A belt was worn, from which various accessories were hung. There is some linguistic evidence that shawls were worn, as well as cloaks, which were fastened either centrally or to the right shoulder with a brooch. Shoes were as for men, and woollen socks were probably worn. Rings, bracelets and beaded necklaces were popular.
7th to 9th centuries
Shoulder-brooches and wrist-clasps went out of fashion, and the sleeves of the over-dress now came to just below elbow-length on the arms and calf-length around the legs. The under-dress was cut longer than the over-dress. Veils held on by headbands or fillets became more popular as Christianity spread. Centrally-fastened cloaks replaced the earlier styles, often reaching to the knee and sometimes with a hood.
10th to 11th centuries
The under-dress was now often pleated or folded, while the sleeves of the over-dress tended to flare towards the wrist. Dresses were edged with tablet-weave, and head-dresses became larger, covering the head and neck and hanging over the shoulders. They were held in place with pins. Belt accessories became far less popular, while a slight pointing of the shoes became more fashionable. Cloaks were now rectangular with a hole cut out for the head, and held in place with a belt.
5th and 6th centuriesMen wore wool or linen hip-length undershirts with long sleeves, and probably loin-cloths. Woollen trousers were held up with a belt threaded through loops. A tunic was pulled over the head, and reached down to the knees. It was usually decorated at the wrists, neck and hem, and was long-sleeved. A belt was worn at the waist, often with a decorated buckle and strap-end. Pouches, knives and other accessories might be hung from the belt. Shoes were made usually from a single piece of leather, but perhaps with an extra piece to form a sole. They were fastened with laces, toggles or loops.
7th to 11th centuries
Tunics tended to have extra pleats inserted at the front, and sleeves became fairly tight-fitting between elbow and wrist. Bands of cloth, like military ‘puttees’ were often wound around the leg from knee to ankle. Belts tended to become thinner, and money may sometimes have been carried in pouches. Cloaks, where worn, varied in length, but were rectangular in shape and fastened at the shoulder. There is evidence that shoes were sometimes fastened with buckles or buttons. Jewellery became increasingly popular. Socks were probably worn by some from earliest times, but there is hard evidence for them in the later period.
The costume of a Christian Anglo-Saxon noble woman of the ninth century.
The overdress is ankle length, wide, overdress with fairly wide sleeves reaching to mid forearm and a round neck opening. The cut of this dress resembles the tunics worn in the Late Roman and Byzantine times, like the tunic dalmatica. Beneath it a less wide, ankle length under dress is worn with long tight sleeves. The sleeves are longer then my arms to create the wrinkles on the lower part of my arms.
The veil could be colored and voluminous and it could be fastened with fillet or ribbon.
The fabrics commonly used in this period where wool and linen because of it’s rarity, silk was reserved for the very wealthy.
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The Headless Vikings of Weymouth
The BBC reported that 51 headless Vikings were found buried at Ridgeway Hill, near the southern seaside town of Weymouth, in June 2009 “during investigative excavation work before construction started on a controversial £87m relief road through the ridgeway.”
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Reconstructed interior of Anglo-Saxon dwelling.
Bede’s World Nr. Jarrow. Image © Stuart Lee.
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Reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon sunken hut.
http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord/education/daily_life.html
Photo: Stuart Lee
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Kings Of Kent
This is a list of the kings of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent.
The regnal dates for the earlier kings are known only from Bede, who piously expunged apostates (Unde cunctis placuit regum tempora computantibus, ut ablata de medio regum perfidorum memoria, idem annus sequentis regis), and seems also to have deliberately suppressed details of short or joint reigns in order to produce an orderly sequence (he had no place for Æðelwald or Eormenred). Generally more than one king ruled in Kent. Some kings are known mainly from charters, of which several are forgeries, while others have subjected to tampering in order to reconcile them with the erroneous king lists of chroniclers, baffled by blanks, and confused by concurrent reigns and kings with similar or identical names.
Even modern historians are tempted to fill out the blank prehistoric period with mythological creatures, combine kings with similar names, and suppress multiple kingship, or at least reduce it down to some regular dyarchy. It is commonplace for the later kings to be referred to as subkings, but the actual rank used is always rex, never regulus (except for a late legend concerning Eormenred). The usual style was simply King of Kent (rex Cantiae) or King of the Kentish Men (rex Cantuariorum). Territorial division within Kent is not alluded to, except by Eadberht I (rex Cantuariorum terram dimidii) and Sigered (rex dimidie partis prouincie Cantuariorum).
(Oesc, Aesc, Oeric)no chartersson of Hengest or Octa512/516-534/540Octa
(Octha)no chartersson of Hengest534/540-c.590Eormenricno chartersfather of Æðelberht Idied 24 February 616 (Bede)Æðelberht Ino genuine chartersfirst Christian King of KentFebruary 616 to 20 January 640 (Bede)Eadbaldno genuine chartersson of Æðelberht IunknownÆðelwaldno charterscontemporary with Pope Boniface V (619-625)January 640 to 14 July 664 (Bede)Eorcenberhtno chartersson of EadbaldunknownEormenredIrminredusbrother of EorcenberhtJuly 664 to 4 July 673 (Bede)Ecgberht Ino chartersson of Eorcenberhtacceded 674 or 675,
died 685
HlothhereLotharius rex CantuariorumLotharius rex Cancie
Clotharius
Hlotharius
son of Eorcenberht; reigning jointly with Eadric685 to 686 (Bede)EadricEadricus rex CantuariorumÆdricus rex
Edricus
son of Ecgberht I; reigning jointly with Hlothherekilled 687MulMulo rege regnum Cantiebrother of Cædwalla, King of Wessexacceded 687 or 688,still reigning 692
SwæfheardSuebhardus rex CantuariorumSueaberdus rex Cantie
son of Sæberht, King of Essex, reigning jointly in Kent with Oswine and Withredfl. 689SwæfberhtGabertusSuebertus rex Cantuariorum
jointly with Oswinefl. 689 to 690OswineOswynus rex CantieOswinus rex Cantuariorum
jointly with Swæfberht and Swæfheardacceded 691 or 692,died 23 April 725
WihtredWihtredus rex CantieWythredus rex Cantuariorum
Wihtredus rex Cantuariorum
son of Ecgberht I; reigned jointly with Swæfheardsucceeded 725Ælfricno chartersson of Wihtred; succeeded jointly with his brothers Æðelberht II and Eadberht I725 to 748Eadberht IEadbertus rex Cantuariorum terram dimidiiÆdbeortus rex Cantie
son of Wihtred; reigned jointly with his brothers Æðelberht II and ÆlfricSubject to Mercian overlordship725 to 762Æðelberht IIÆthilberhctus rex CantieAthelbertus rex
son of Wihtred; reigned jointly with his brothers Eadberht I and Ælfric, and nephew EardwulfunknownEardwulfEarduulfus rex CantuariorumEardulfus rex Cantiae
son of Eadberht I; reigned jointly with Æðelberht II; contemporary with Archbishop Cuðbert (740-760)fl. 762Eadberht IIEadberht rex CantiaeÆdbertus rex
Eadbertus rex Cantie
jointly with Sigeredfl. 762SigeredSigiraed rex CantiaeSigeredus rex dimidie partis prouincie Cantuariorum
jointly with Eadberht IIunknownEanmundEanmundus rexcontemporary with Archbishop Bregowine (761-764)fl. 764 to 765HeaberhtHeaberhtus rex CantieHeaberhtus rex
jointly with Ecgberht IIfl. 765 to 779Ecgberht IIEcgberhtus rex CantieEgcberhtus rex Cantiae
Egcberht rex Cantie
Egcberth rex Cantie
Egcberhtus rex
jointly with Heaberhtfl. 784EalhmundEalmundus rex Canciæfather of Ecgberht IIIUnder the direct rule of Offa of Mercia (785–796).796 to 798, deposedEadberht III Prænno charters; coins:EADBEARHT REX
Deposed and mutilated byCœnwulfacceded 797 or 798,died 807
CuðredCuthredus Rex CantiaeCuðred rex Cantiae
Cuðredus rex cantwariorum
brother of Cœnwulf and Ceolwulffl. 809CœnwulfCeonulfus Christi gracia rex Merciorum atque provincie Canciebrother of Cuðred and Ceolwulf; also King of Mercia (796-821)fl. 822 to 823CeolwulfCeolwulf rex Merciorum vel etiam ContwariorumCeolwulf rex Merciorum seu etiam Cantwariorum
brother of Cuðred and Cœnwulf; also King of Mercia (821-823)deposed in 825Baldredno charters; coins:BALDRED REX CANT
expelled by Æðelwulf in 825825 to 839Ecgberht IIIEcgberht rex occidentalium Saxonum necnon et Cantuariorumson of Ealhmund; reigned in Kent jointly with his son Æðelwulf; also King of Wessex (802-839)825 to 858ÆðelwulfAetheluulf rexÆðeluulf rex Cantrariorum
Æthelwolf gratia Dei rex Kanciae
Ætheluulf rex Cancie
Aeðeluulf Rex Cancie
Aetheluulf gratia Dei rex occidentalium Saxonum seu etiam Cantuuariorum
Aeðeluulf gratia Dei rex occidentalium Saxonum nec non 7 Cantuariorum
Eðelwulf rex occidentalium Saxonum nec non et Cantuariorum
Eðeluulfus rex Occidentalium Saxonum necnon et Cantuariorum
Æðelulf rex misericordia Dei occidentalium Saxonum ; necnon & Cantuuariorum
jointly with his father Ecgberht III and son Æðelstan; also King of Wessex (839-856)fl. 839 to 851Æðelstan IEdelstan rex KancieEthelstan Rex
Aeðelstan rex
Aedelstan rex
jointly with his father Æðelwulffl. 855 to 866Æðelberht IIIAeðelberht rexEþelbearht rex
Eðelbearht rex
Æthelbertus occidentalium Saxonum necnon et Cantuariorum rex
Aeðelbearht rex Occidentalium Saxonum seu Cantuuariorum
Aeðælberht rex Occidentalium Saxonum seu Cantuariorum
Eðelbearht rex occidentalium Saxonum nec non et Cantuariorum
jointly with his father Æðelwulf; also King of Wessex (860-866)866 to 871Æðelred IEðelred rex occidentalium Saxonum . non et CantwariorumAeðered rex Occidentalium Saxonum necnon et Cantuariorum
son of Æðelwulf; also King of Wessex (866-871)[edit]Sources
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Dundee academics reconstruct Viking woman’s face
“Academics at Dundee University have helped recreate the face of a Viking woman whose skeleton was unearthed in York more than 30 years ago.
The facial reconstruction was achieved by laser-scanning her skull to create a 3D digital model.
Eyes were then digitally created, along with hair and a bonnet, to complete the look.
The project was part of a £150,000 investment at York’s Jorvik Viking Centre.
The Dundee academics were brought in by the centre’s owners, the York Archaeological Trust, as part of a project to bring York’s Vikings to life.
The female skeleton used was one of four excavated at Coppergate in York.
The reconstruction process was carried out using specialist computer equipment which allowed the user to “feel” what they were modelling on screen. The anatomy of the face was modelled in “virtual clay” from the deep muscles to the surface.
Dundee University researcher Janice Aitken took the digital reconstruction and added the finishing touches.
‘Research capabilities’
She explained: “I use the same sort of software as is used to create 3D animations in the film industry. I digitally created realistic eyes, hair and bonnet and added lighting to create a natural look.
“It is very satisfying knowing that the work we create at Dundee University will be seen by thousands of visitors to Jorvik and being part of a process which can so vividly help people to identify with their ancestors.”
The reconstruction now features in York Archaeological Trust’s new Investigate Coppergate exhibition, which examines the Vikings’ diet and investigates the diseases from which the Vikings suffered.
The exhibition also looks at the final battles of the Viking age in York that heralded the end of the Viking era and the coming of the Normans.
It features skeletal remains showing battle wounds and a full skeleton with evidence of severe trauma, alongside discussion about how they died.
Sarah Maltby, York Archaeological Trust director of attractions, said: “Archaeological research capabilities have moved on considerably since the original Coppergate excavations which took place over 30 years ago.
“The new exhibition areas mark a shift in how archaeological finds are analysed and the techniques available to researchers.”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-13064786
